Yixing teapot process



Preparation of raw materials, including dredging, refining and material selection. The hard block-shaped mud material excavated from the mine is chopped, sieved, and filtered, and the resulting fine soil is stored under the kiln, which is called “cultivating soil”.
The main method of forming a purple sander is hand-kneading. First pinch the body, then dig the foot, open the face, and finally add the handle, mouth, cover and so on. From the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Emperor Kangxi, the method of pinching was used, and a large number of molded products appeared during the Qing Emperor and the Qianlong period. During the Jiaqing and Daoguang years, Chen Mansheng advocated the ancient law and prevailed. Li Jingkang and Zhang Hong said well: "In terms of impression and fabrication, the method of impression is easy to be refined, and progress is made in industry; the method of fabrication is difficult, and the skill is absolutely perfect. Therefore, the method of impression is easy to imitate. The law of fabrication is not easy to handle. The pots of famous families are made by the fabrication, and the sitting is the ear."
The early blanking tools were mainly bamboo knives. Later, tools for wood, horn, stone, metal and other materials were gradually added, and pottery wheels were used for drawing and trimming. In the Qing Dynasty, there were more than ten kinds of tools including vertebrae, scorpions, darts, and scorpions. There were many shapes such as guilloche, scorpion, shell, kidney, moon, and tail.
The finished billet is carefully trimmed and some utensils are decorated. The decoration methods are: decals - piles of landscapes, flowers, figures, birds and beasts, etc.; sketching - using alumina, iron oxide or magnesia as a coloring agent, painting on the blank; carving - in The paintings are engraved in the inscription on the blank. Purple sand is generally not glazed, but also a small amount of glaze decoration, large pieces take the glaze method, small pieces take the immersion glaze method. Usually the monochrome glaze is once on the painter twice.
The slab is dried in the shade and then smashed into the kiln for firing. The traditional method of firing the kiln of the purple sander is the "long kiln", which is the inclined kiln with low head and high tail. The dragon kiln is generally 40 meters long, every one meter is a section, the stove is on the head, and the fuel is firewood and firewood. There are fifty burning eyes on each side of the kiln, and the fuel is put into the fire. On both sides of the kiln, every four to five meters open an import and export, from here to fill, take the device. Each kiln needs to be burned at a kiln temperature of 1100 ° C to 1200 ° C for 40-42 hours; after firing, it is stopped for 15-24 hours, and then the kiln is opened. The kiln is very hard to burn with the dragon kiln. Now the purple sand factory has switched to a new type of kiln that burns heavy oil, which saves manpower and improves the quality of firing. After the purple sander is fired, it is also polished and waxed. The waxing is a unique process of purple sand. The painted purple sander needs to be burned twice.

There is also a special decoration on the burnt purple sander. The Forbidden City Museum hides the Dabin square pot, the pot surface is painted and engraved, and the purple sand craft and the lacquer craft are all in one. During the Daoguang Period of the Qing Dynasty, the process of Bao Xi appeared, but due to the complexity of the technology, it could not be continued. There is also a process of polishing copper, which is more common in the mouth of the spout and the edge of the flap. The inlay of gold and silver wire is a new decoration process. It absorbs the carving technique of wood and lacquerware. The pattern is first carved into a groove on the mud. After firing, the gold and silver wire is embedded in the groove, and it is tapped and smoothed.
The molding method of Zisha pottery since the Ming Dynasty. Through the exploration, improvement and advancement of science and technology of the artists of the past, the methods have shown diversity and perfection of craftsmanship.
In summary, the molding methods include manual, grouting, blanking, and blank molding.
Hand-formed methods: including "body tube" and "inlay tube", is an ancient hand-made process. "Body tube" molding method: firstly, the cooked mud is made into a "mud line" with a certain width, thickness and length, and these mud road wires are made into mud and mud pieces that meet the requirements of the manufactured utensils. Use the returning vehicle and other tools to draw the width of the mud strip, the outlet, the bottom, and the wrap, then paste the wrap in the middle of the turntable, enclose the strip along the wrap, loop into a mud, and then The left hand is set in the cylinder, and the right hand is patted with a thin wooden tempo.
The "inlay tube" molding method is suitable for squareware products: first cut the mud road wire into square mud pieces, and cut the square mud pieces into mud pieces, prepare the sample plates according to the size required by the products, cut the mud pieces according to the sample plates, and cut the mud pieces. The cut pieces of clay are pasted and molded with grease by the requirements of the utensil type. The key to hand molding is the proper specification of the mud forming technique and the fine processing of the surface. Fine shaving correction can make the shape of the device more rigorous, the contour lines are well-defined, the texture of the ribs is clear, and the requirements for the production of the beads and the jade are achieved. Near and modern molding method Grouting molding method: It is a molding process widely used in modern ceramic production. Using the water absorption of the gypsum model, after the mud is injected into the mold, the plaster mold is disengaged to obtain a hollow mud.

Molding tool



The success of a purple sand craft has to go through ten to dozens of complicated molding processes. To complete these processes, one must rely on the craftsmanship of the artists, and the other is to rely on a variety of production tools, both of which are indispensable. The ancients said well: "If a worker wants to do something good, he must first sharpen his weapon." The "device" here refers to the production tool. Zisha molding tools, through the constant exploration of the artists of the past generations, political revolution, innovation, has now formed a set of unique, economical, self-contained tools, the number of hundreds of species, the texture of copper, iron, wood, bamboo , horns, leather, plastic and other materials. There are many kinds of purple sand forming tools, and they also pay attention to the beauty of the shape. The premise is based on practicality. Most of these tools are made by themselves, even if some of the purchased tools are processed and trimmed before they can be used. This requires the producer to have a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the entire molding process. To understand the different uses and specifications of the various tools, it is necessary to consider the convenience and tactile comfort. Therefore, the production of the purple sand forming tool is also very knowledgeable, and it is necessary to consider the appearance of the shape and the actual use function. The following is an overview of the specifications for different tools:
First, the lap is one of the main tools in the molding, mainly used to play mud, film and grin, mud and so on. The main materials used for the raft are eucalyptus, sandalwood, jujube, etc.
After use, use a damp cloth and wipe it in a dry place. It should not be exposed to the sun. It should not be used for hard objects such as irons.
Second, the tempo is mainly used for the body, film, and mouth. The material is best in mahogany, the total length of the tempo is 28CM, and the width of the racquet is 10cm. The thickness is determined according to the material. The thickness of the jujube is 3mm, the thickness is 4mm, the thickness is 4mm, the cedar is thicker, the mahogany can be thinner, the tempo can not be immersed in the water after use, should be placed in the dry place, avoid one side Get wet and prevent the beat from cracking.
Third, there are many kinds of sharp knife sharpeners, such as iron sharp knife, bamboo sharp knife, mouth sharp knife, curved sharp knife and so on. The sharp knife is an ordinary and commonly used main tool used for pouting, snapping, turning, and leather facets. It is also a simple sculpting tool. The material is made of ordinary steel, copper, stainless steel, old bamboo and so on. Its shape is wide in the middle, one pointed, one slightly narrow, two lines are symmetrical, the middle is thick, and the sides are thin and curved. Sharp knives should be selected according to different purposes, thickness, width and narrow requirements.
Fourth, the knife is the most widely used tool in the molding process. In the production process, the knife is used for cutting, cutting, picking, picking, digging, scraping, etc., from the beginning to the end. The most common material for making knives is ordinary steel, and the blade should be worn frequently. The ratio of the shank to the blade is approximately 6:1.
5. The correct name of the car of the moment car should be the car, which is specially used for the circular film and the opening. The car is divided into four parts: the handlebar, the nail, the station and the pin. The moment handle is made of bamboo that is not easily deformed. The stationer should use the old bamboo head with a thickness of 1.5cm or more. The nail of the moment is iron, and the pin is made of bamboo. The general specifications of the car are: shank length 20, 1.5, 0.5cm; station height 8.5cm, width 1.3cm, eye length 2.4-2.2, width 0.55cm; different uses of the car are based on the station and the moment car nail The height is adjusted, and the general moment station is 2mm higher than the nail.
In addition, there are several special types of car, curved mud car, which is equipped with two stations on the handle; there are double-track cars and line cars, double-line cars do not have car nails, and line cars are loaded with bamboo nails. .
Sixth, the wire stem stalk is a tool used to lure various decorative lines. The wire stem has horns, iron, plastic and bamboo. The stalks are ground according to different decorative lines and are used to determine the different angles of the stalks according to the gestures used by each individual. It is the most difficult to master in making molding tools.
Seven, the needle is the horn piece, used for the surface finishing of the work. When making a bright needle, the head should be smoothed, and it should be slowly thinned from top to bottom. When it is used, it should be immersed in clear water, and it should be picked up when not in use.



Eight, the moment of mud and mud, these two tools are made of bamboo, the bottom of the moment is also called the base, the bottom of the pad, is padded under the station of the car, the middle chapter opens a round eye. The muddy ruler is used for mud and large pieces. It is made of bamboo with a long pitch. It is gradually thinner from the handle to the head, and it is slowly narrowed. The back should be straight and the mouth should be flush. Knife-like shape, there is usually a bamboo joint at the grip.
Nine, Le only, 篦 only, complex only Le is only used to light the neck, the bottom, the foot and the body of the tool at the junction, the material is horns, bamboo, boxwood and so on. It is ground to the desired shape according to different angles.篦 It is only used for shaping, and it can remove the small gap of small crepe on the body, which is mainly made of simple piece and wooden board.篦As long as the shoulders, belly and bottom are done separately, you can't use a pot only with a pot. It is only used for the mud, it is usually made of 2-3mm bamboo or bright needle.
Ten, bamboo tempo bamboo tempo has a large, medium, small and pointed tempo and so on. Big, the middle shot is the body tube, used for the side of the goods, the small tempo is used to push the body joints, sweep the mud, push the wall to scrape the bottom, do the mouth, etc.; pointed bamboo pats can be big face, do mouth Wait.
11. The mouth knives and copper pipe boring knives are used to dig the mouth hole, and are made by 2-3mm thick steel wire after burning red and adding handle. The copper tube is drilled in various sizes of holes, and is rolled into a half-diameter cylinder with lead or copper, with a length of 10-12 cm, and a cutting edge is added at both ends.
Twelve, this is a tool used as a round eye and a round mouth. At the same time, it is used as a flower tool, and the stump can also be used as a sculpture tool. The unique one made of bamboo has the advantages of slim mud and wear resistance, and it is easy to take and easy to cut. There are two kinds of ones, one is a flat head for a single eye, and the other is a two-headed one (one thick, one thin). Used as a single mouth hole and other holes.
Thirteen, water pen 帚 This is a traditional small tool for water with cloth. The body, the mouth, the button, the button, etc., are inseparable from it. Its advantage is that it has more water and is convenient to bring water. Especially when making rough goods, when the green body is too dry, it can be directly wetted on the green body.
In addition to the above, the purple sand molding tools are not covered here. The purple sand forming tool is produced in practice and is constantly improved. This is the crystallization of the innumerable purple sand artist's intelligence for thousands of years. It is inseparable from the traditional purple sand technology. It is not only convenient for the artist to operate. It is also directly related to the quality of the work. Therefore, the exquisite craftsmanship must have the perfect production tools to assist, which is probably another unique feature of the purple sand craft!


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